A civil matter is defined as a case filed in court that is not criminal in nature. Examples include employment matters, breach of contract, disputes between landlord and tenant, company disputes, money laundering, fraud, cheating, and so on.

Criminal Matter vs. Civil Matter

The law distinguishes between civil and criminal matters. A criminal matter is one that causes harm to an individual, either physically or mentally, or harms society as a whole. In a criminal case, the offender is typically punished through imprisonment, fines, or both. The accused is brought to court, found guilty, and convicted.

In contrast, a civil matter does not involve such physical harm or societal impact. While imprisonment can occur in some civil cases, the usual punishment is the imposition of a fine and the requirement to compensate the victim in monetary terms for the financial damage caused.

The Role of Police in Civil Matters

Typically, the police do not investigate civil matters where there is no criminal element. Civil matters are usually resolved through private civil lawyers or mediators. Both parties meet to negotiate a settlement. If no agreement can be reached, the matter is brought before the court, where the judge listens to both parties and delivers a verdict.

Civil Code of Procedure

A uniform civil procedure code was introduced in India in 1859 with the passing of the Civil Procedure Code (Act VII of 1859). This code underwent several amendments over time and has evolved into the Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908, which now regulates all civil matters in India.

The CPC comprises two main sections: the Body of the Code and the Schedule. The Body of the Code contains 12 parts, consisting of 158 sections. The Schedule includes Orders and Rules.